Riparian Farms

Pyramiding in Tortoises

By Richard Fife

One of the biggest problems associated with raising captive hatched tortoises is pyramiding. Pyramiding is the raising of scutes during active growth periods. As a tortoise normally grows each scute increases in size horizontally thus increasing the overall diameter of each scute and the size of the tortoise. During normal growth this scute enlargement will lead to smooth growth. During periods of little or no growth (such as during brumation/hibernation) a slight ridge or ring will develop. This ridge is often referred to as a growth ring and in some species can help to establish how old the tortoise is. In a tortoise that is developing pyramiding, this new growth increases the size of the scute in a vertical direction thus raising the scutes. This is not a normal process of growth or shell development. It has rarely been documented in the wild.

This phenomenon of itself doesn’t pose a problem for the tortoise unless dietary deficiencies are also present and have contributed to the pyramiding. Extreme pyramiding, in an otherwise healthy tortoise can hinder the ability of a male tortoise to mount the female thus hindering reproduce.

Scutes that have already exhibited pyramiding cannot be corrected; however if conditions for shell development are corrected the new growth can develop in a normal horizontal direction. It appears that the most critical time for pyramiding to develop is during the first year or two. If conditions are correct during the first year or two and pyramiding has not developed then the chance of pyramiding developing in an older tortoise is greatly reduced even if husbandry conditions are not optimum.

For years there have been a number of opinions on the actual cause of pyramiding. It had been pretty well assumed that excessive protein in the diet was the cause. Other factors included the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the diet, temperature, access to natural light or UVB, dietary fiber, overfeeding, etc. Most of these factors probably play a roll to one degree or another.

As husbandry techniques were improved the problem of pyramiding didn’t go away. Tortoises of course were much healthier and their survival in captivity was greatly enhanced. The very grotesque pyramiding that we use to see became rare but the “perfect” captive raised tortoise was also elusive and rare.

As the common assumption that protein was the culprit, which caused pyramiding, became widespread so did the notion that protein should be all but eliminated from the diet. To compound the problem two different methods for determining protein were compared and often assumed to be the same.

One method of determining the percent of protein in a food item includes the water as a percentage of the food. The other method, referred to, as “dry matter” protein doesn’t include the water as part of the food. The results of the two methods are drastically different. By using one method the percent of protein in dandelion greens is 2.7 %. By using the “dry mater” method the same dandelion greens are 18.7%.

I can compare this methodology of determining the percent of protein to adding a teaspoon of sugar to a glass of lemonade. Lets say the sugar is 2% of the lemonade. I am concerned that I don’t want to consume a lot of sugar so I add more water to my lemonade, thus reducing the percentage of sugar in my lemonade to 1%. I happily drink the lemonade falsely believing I just cut my sugar intake by 50%, where in reality I still got the full teaspoon of sugar. We must be careful and know if the percent of protein is the percent of protein only in the “dry matter” or if it includes the water.

It is important to understand that protein is made up of amino acids, some of which are essential in the diet. As we begin to try and reduce the amount of protein in the diet we must be very careful that we don’t eliminate the necessary amino acids.

One manufacturer of tortoise diet tried to satisfy his consumers by reducing the protein in his product. The resulting product lacked the necessary amino acids and other nutritional components to even sustain life.

Over the years I have tried all kinds of diets only to become more confused when there were no consistent results in eliminating pyramiding. I understood that the diet was extremely important in raising a healthy tortoise, but it didn’t seem to have a whole lot of affect on reducing pyramiding. About 5 or 6 years ago my wife decided to try a new method for rearing hatching tortoises.

She set up two groups of new hatching red-foot tortoises for her experiment. The first group was set up in a plastic shoebox with dry paper towels (low humidity). The second group was set up in a plastic shoebox with moist paper towels (high humidity). The two groups were kept side by side and fed identically.

Within a few months the difference was astounding. The tortoises in the dry set up had the typical pyramiding we see in captive hatched tortoises. The second group had no pyramiding whatsoever and looked identical to wild caught tortoises. We began to try increasing the humidity on several other species of tortoises with the same positive results.

I theorized that hatching tortoises in the wild spend most of the time hidden in moist soil, clumps of moist grass, or in the bottom of humid burrows. Even desert species spend much of their life in the bottom of a humid burrow.

In January 2001 I presented my work at the “International Turtle and Tortoise Symposium” held in Vienna Austria. I was excited to learn that many European Tortoise breeders had come to the same conclusion and were beginning to raise hatchings in an environment with more moisture.

In 2003 the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna (Austria) finally quantified the importance of “Humidity” in the environment of hatching tortoises, and also showed in their research that high levels of protein had little affect on Pyramiding (Wiesner CS, Iben C. 2003. Influence of environmental humidity and dietary protein on pyramidal growth of carapaces in African spurred tortoises (Geochelone sulcata). J Anim Physiol a Anim. Nutr 87:66-74).

The researches in Vienna theorized that that during dry periods when food is scare there is little or no growth in hatching tortoises (pyramiding is only developed during periods of growth). During periods when food is plentiful the humidly is also increased, growth is rapid, and pyramiding is rare.

The researchers also hypothesized “that during dry conditions, dehydration reduces both intra- and inter-cellular pressures on soft cartilage at the areas of bone growth, which could lead to collapse of the soft tissue and subsequent ossification in the collapsed position.”

Other hobbyists in the USA have confirmed that increased humidity in their experiences has a very important role in reducing pyramiding in hatchling tortoises.

My next goal was to devise a convenient way to raise a tortoise at high humidity without creating problems associated with increased levels of bacteria, fungi and mold. I have experimented with a number of different systems and sub straights and have settled on the following system: First I concluded that Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss works very well as a moisture retaining sub-straight. It has a property that discourages the growth of molds and fungi. It also doesn’t seem to be toxic if ingested and doesn’t impact the gut if eaten. It is also readily available and relatively inexpensive.

For years snake breeders and gecko breeders have used a “moisture chamber” for nesting and to maintain the health of their animals. I have taken the same approach with my hatchling tortoises. I provide a plastic shoebox with an opening cut in the side, which serves and an entrance. I put an inch or two of slightly moist Canadian Peat Moss inside the shoebox for the tortoises to hide in. The moist peat moss increases the humidity inside the box.

The substrate outside the hide box can be any commonly used dry substrate. I use dry alfalfa hay with all the thick stems and sticks removed. It is important to separate the dry substrate from the moist substrate in order to prevent the growth of mold or fungi on the dry substrate.

It is also important to provide, water, heat, UVB lighting, and a well balanced diet. The peat moss should be checked routinely for moisture level and regularly replaced with fresh peat moss.

After several years of using this system (moisture chamber) I have been able to consistently produce exceptionally nice captive hatched tortoises. Under these conditions pyramiding can me eliminated and my tortoises are active and healthy.

I am sure that there are many other methods that can be used to increase the moisture and humidity for our hatching tortoises. This is one approach that can be used in your husbandry techniques that has been successful for me. Good luck with your “babies”!